![]() ![]() Trabeculectomy augmented with antifibrotic agents is recommended as the initial surgical treatment for OAG. In patients with cataract and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), phacoemulsification alone or combined phacoemulsification and glaucoma surgery are recommended. Prostaglandin analogues are the most effective medications and are recommended as the first choice in open-angle glaucoma (OAG). ![]() The intraocular pressure target must be individualized to the eye and revised at every visit. Glaucoma diagnosis should be based on visual acuity and refractive errors, slit-lamp examination, gonioscopy, tonometry, visual field (VF) testing, and clinical assessment of optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macula. This review provides the salient features of EGS and APGS guidelines and their utility in Indian scenario. A group of glaucoma experts was convened to review the recently released EGS guideline (fifth edition) and the APGS guideline and explore their relevance to the Indian context. Ophthalmologists often refer to the European Glaucoma Society (EGS) and Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Society (APGS) guidelines. Despite advances in diagnosing and managing glaucoma, there is a lack of India-specific clinical guidelines on glaucoma. Lastly, our model provides a structure to teach resource utilization and cost containment relating to neurologic diagnoses.Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in India. It may help educators build curricula and evaluation systems that emphasize concrete activities of diagnostic practice. The model may be useful for trainees to learn how to allocate time to make a diagnosis. The data reveal a heavy emphasis on the clinical domain for most diagnoses. This model shows the relative emphasis of each of the 3 core domains for 9 common diagnoses (e.g., stroke is C4 L1 N4 with "4" as the highest priority per domain). To codify this variance, we developed a provisional model of diagnostic practice derived from the data consisting of a 3-point coordinate shorthand (Cx Lx Nx) and a graphic. This practice of coordination varied across common disease categories (e.g., meningitis vs dementia). All neurologists coordinated findings from the 3 domains to arrive at a final diagnosis. Neurologists were uniform in their practices across these domains except within the clinical domain, where the physical examination varied considerably among clinicians. We describe 3 core domains of diagnosis: 1) clinical (C), 2) laboratory and electrodiagnostics (L), and 3) neuroimaging (N). The study consisted of six 2-week periods of in situ observations and interviews of 6 experienced community neurologists in Northern California. ![]() To our knowledge, this report is the first set of systematic observations of diagnostic practices of community neurologists in their clinics. Study of diagnostic practice is necessary to optimize neurologists' clinical performance and ensure patient safety. These are the first motion-picture sequences of neurologic disorders ever filmed, and provide an important visual archive and teaching resource for neurologic disorders that were prevalent in the late 19th century. Muybridge and Dercum photographed patients with tabes dorsalis, hemiparesis, paraparesis, athetotic cerebral palsy, lead encephalopathy, congenital hydrocephalus with diparesis, poliomyelitis, pseudoseizures, psychogenic movement disorder, and other conditions. Subjects were recruited from the neurology services of the University Hospital and the Philadelphia Hospital. In 1885, Philadelphia neurologist Francis Dercum (1856-1931) collaborated with Muybridge at the University of Pennsylvania to photograph sequential images of patients with various neurologic disorders involving abnormal movements. Examination of published writings and photographic sequences by Muybridge and Dercum, and primary source documents, including letters from Dercum. In the late 1870s and 1880s, prior to the development of movie cameras or projectors, Muybridge photographed sequential images of people and animals in motion, using arrays of sequentially triggered single-image cameras and multilens cameras. To analyze the contributions of American photographer Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Philadelphia neurologist Francis Dercum (1856-1931) toward creating the first motion-picture sequences of patients with neurologic disorders. ![]()
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